Wiring Circuit

Thursday, November 20, 2014

Audio VU Level Meter Circuit with LM324

Audio

Audio VU Level Meter Circuit with LM324

The 1K resistors in the circuit are capital so that the LEDs about-face on at altered audio levels. There is no acumen why you cant change these resistors, although annihilation aloft 5K may account some of the LEDs to never about-face on. This ambit is calmly abundant with added op-amps, and is not bound to use with the LM324. Pretty abundant any op-amp will assignment as continued as you attending up the pinouts and accomplish abiding aggregate is appropriately connected.

The 33K resistor on the schematic is to accumulate the arresting ascribe to the ambit at a low level. It is absurd you will acquisition a 33K resistor, so the abutting you can get should do. The amount of this resistor may charge to be changed, so it is best you breadboard this ambit afore absolutely amalgam it on PCB. The ambit in its accepted anatomy will acquire band akin inputs from sources such as the aux out on a Hi-Fi, all admitting could be calmly adapted to acquire apostle inputs.

The audio + is affiliated to the capital absolute rail, while the audio - is acclimated for arresting input. The 50k pot can be acclimated to alter the acuteness of the circuit.

High Frequency Waveform Generator Circuit Diagram

High

High Frequency Waveform Generator Circuit Diagram

High frequency waveform generator is very useful in electronic experiment and design. This circuit generate sine wave oscillation, but actually we can modify the circuit to generate triangle or square wave function.
The core of this waveform generator is MAX038. This integrated circuit chip gives complete function to build a waveform generator/function generator.

The circuit can be used to generate square wave, triangle, or sine wave by programming the pin inputs (A0:pin 3, A1:pin 4).
- A0 A1 WAVEFORM
- X 1 Sine wave
- 0 0 Square wave
- 1 0 Triangle wave
The frequency can be controlled using current. If we disconnect the 20k RIN from REF (pin 1) and connect it to a DAC, then we can control the frequency using microcontroller or digital interface. We can even control the chip using a quartz crystal (PLL) by controlling the current using a phase comparator output that compares the sync output (pin 14 of MAX038) and a reference clock from quartz crystal oscillator.

This waveform generator integrated circuit chip is very interesting since it can generate 0.1Hz to 20MHz, very wide operating frequency, as expected for every waveform generator instruments.

Wednesday, November 19, 2014

TDA1011 4W Audio Amplifier Circuit

TDA1011 - 4W Audio Amplifier Circuit

This is 4 watts amplifier circuit diagram for implementing portable radio with TDA1011 from Philips Semiconductor.

The TDA1011 is a monolithic integrated audio amplifier in one place-9 in line (SIL) plastic container. The device is specially designed for portable radio and recording applications and offers up to 4 W at a load impedance of 4 W. The device can deliver up to 6 W 4 W to 16 V power load on the network powered applications. The maximum permissible voltage of 24 V makes this circuit very suitable for DC and AC unit, while the application supply voltage of 3.6 V low V enables applications 6.

Battery Charger based on AVR ATMega 8535

Battery Charger in general can be interpreted as a means to recharge the battery charge. Principles of good charger circuit is capable of providing resources to perform effectively charging the battery, efficient and safe. AVR-Based Battery Charger ATMega 8535 With LCD Display This is an idea that had just emerged from the author. In AVR-Based Battery Charger design ATMega 8535 With LCD Display is using AVR microcontroller processor charger with ATMega 8535, process the data viewer charger with LCD, a safety from a hot temperature with the temperature sensor LM35 and several buttons for setting the charger. And component power charger Battery Charger Based on AVR ATMega 8535 With LCD Display is a FET.

Battery

Function-Based Battery Charger Part Series AVR ATMega 8535 With LCD Display

ATMega 8535 AVR microcontroller serves as the controlling process of the charger.

Button S1 - S5 as input data charger settings (setting the current, maximum temperature, peak voltage batteries)

LM35 Temperature Sensor function as heat sensors in the battery during charge.

LCD Display function to display data and display settings charger battery charger process measurement data.

FET serves as a power charger that will flow into the battery charging current.

Tuesday, November 18, 2014

Automatic LED Emergency Light

Description
This is the circuit diagram of a low cost emergency light based on white LED.The white LED provide very bright light which turns on when the mains supply is not there.The circuit has an automatic charger which stops charging when the battery is fully charged.

The IC LM 317 produces a regulated 7 V for the charging of Battery.Transistor BD 140 drives the out put.Transistor BC 548 and Zener diode controls the charging of the battery.

Tips
It is always better to connect a heat sink with BD 140.Before using the circuit out put of LM317 must be set to 7V by adjusting the potentiometer.

Ultraviolet Sensor Fire Sensor UV Tron

Ultraviolet Sensor (Fire Sensor) UV Tron is a flame sensor which is often used to detect the presence of sources of ignition under ultraviolet wave emitted by the fire. UV Sensor UV Tron can be applied with a microcontroller, such as ultraviolet UV Tron sensor is used for detecting the source of the fire on the robot in a firefighting robot contest. Tron UV ultraviolet sensor accuracy is very high against the existence of sources of fire, so it is suitable for the purpose of fire fighting robot contest that a small fire source in the form of wax.

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet Waves:

Ultraviolet (UV is often abbreviated, of the English language: ultraviolet) are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths shorter than visible light regions, but longer than X-rays are small. UV radiation can be divided into near UV (wavelengths: 380-200 nm) and vacuum UV (200-10 nm). When considering the influence of UV radiation on human health and the environment, the wavelength range is often divided again to UVA (380-315 nm), which is also called the "wave length" or "BlackLight"; UVB (315-280 nm), also called " Medium Wave "(Medium Wave) and UVC (280-10 nm), also called" Short Wave "(Short Wave). Ultraviolet term means "beyond violet" (from the Latin ultra, "beyond"), while the word purple is the color of the shortest wavelength of light from visible light. Some animals, including birds, reptiles, and insects such as bees can see until you reach "nearly UV." Many fruits, flowers and seeds more clearly visible in the background in the UV wavelengths compared with human color vision.

UV Ultraviolet Sensor Module Tron (sensor Fire)

Inverter 5000 Watt PWM

This inverter uses PWM (Pulse Width Modulator) with type IC SG3524. IC serves as a oscillator 50Hz, as a regulator of the desired output voltage. Input power ranging from 250W up to 5000W output and has. Following a series INVERTER 5000W with PWM (Pulse Width Modulator).

Schematic Inverter 5000W with PWM (Pulse Width Modulator)

Inverter

Layout PCB Inverter 5000W with PWM (Pulse Width Modulator)

below is the output power settings that can be issued by this inverter:
DC voltage and Transformer "T2" winding recommendation:

Winding Power Supply
12VDC 750W P: 24V "12-0-12" / S: 220V
1500W 24VDC P: 48V "24-0-24" / S: 220V
2250w 36VDC P: 72V "36-0-36" / S: 220V
3000w 48VDC P: 96V "48-0-48" / S: 220V
3750w 60VDC P: 120V "60-0-60" / S: 220V
4500w 72VDC P: 144V "72-0-72" / S: 220V
5250w 84VDC P: 168V "84-0-84" / S: 220V

Transformer used is the transformer CT
R1 serves to regulate the voltage to 220v inverter
R2 serves to regulate the inverter output frequency of 50 or 60 Hz (as appropriate)

Monday, November 17, 2014

14W Class A Amplifier Circuit with 2N3055

14W Class A Amplifier Circuit with 2N3055

This class A amplifier circuit requires a preamp as it hasnt got much gain. Requires large heat sinks and a large transformer and a source of great power and wiring carefully, but the end is very simple and sounds great. The zener diode disclaims any wave from the power supply, but still just want a wave of 10mV max. The ripples reaching the entrance is amplified, so the zener get rid of that, but there is still dominated him to reach the power stage.

Many early amplifiers operated in Class A, but as 10W power output rose above the problems of heat dissipation and design of the power supply caused most manufacturers to turn to the simplest, arrangements more efficient class B and put up with the consequent decrease in the perceived quality of output. Why Class? Because, when biased in class A, the transistors are always on, always ready to respond instantly to an input signal. Class B and Class AB output stage requires a microsecond or more on. The kind of a cleaner operation allows operation under high voltage swing that occurs when the transient audio signal feed difficult loads. Your amplifier is basically simple, as shown in the block diagram.

Improving Performance Bass Guitar

1. Replace strings: strings are the source of the sound of a bass. If bad strings, of course difficult to get a good sound. How good / expensive any bass, if strings are mendem ("dead") would sound so bad

2. Know your bass character of us, whether inclined treble, middle, or ngebass (low). From here our reference point. If soundnya not in accordance with our desires, try to correction with tone control / equalizer.

3. There are so many factors affecting the bass sounds, ranging from strings, pickups, body wood, neck & fingerboard.
Try to identify the character masing2, eg the influence of wood types, pickup types, etc..
From there we can determine which one should be modified.

Chain audio a bass sound as follows
Strings-> pickup-> Preamp / Tone Control-> Connection Cable-> Amplifier
Well, just select which one would aja in mod.

Actually the material (wood) body / neck / fingerboard also influence:

String-> Body/Neck/Fingerboard-> Pickup-> Preamp / Tone Control-> Connection Cable-> Amplifier (+ Speaker)

Only if you replace the body just wrote instead of bass.
So, if you can choose a distinguished bass wood is good, Ntar if you want to be upgraded more easily.
If wood is not good (Agathis), although the results are less than the maximum upgrade.

Sunday, November 16, 2014

Triac Light Switch circuit

The series of light switches this time slightly different from the stress of work. The series of light switches can work directly on the AC power network. Light switches are using the main component of TRIAC and LDR. The circuit is very simple and the components were sold in the market. If you want a light reception sensitivity of this circuit can be arranged then the 3.3 MOhm resistor can be replaced with a variable resistor. For more details can be seen from the following series of images.

Triac Light Switch circuit

Triac

Triac Light Switch circuit series is priciple work as dimers, but dimers of control carried out by the reception of light around the LDR. The lower the intensity cayaha received LDR then semkin bright lights. For installation LDR need to be considered so as not exposed to light from the lamp directly.

Saturday, November 15, 2014

Introduction to Cellular Communications 2

3. Cellular System Architecture

Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing service led mobile service providers to research ways to improve the quality of service and to support more users in their systems. Because the amount of frequency spectrum available for mobile cellular use was limited, efficient use of the required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular coverage. In modern cellular telephony, rural and urban regions are divided into areas according to specific provisioning guidelines. Deployment parameters, such as amount of cell-splitting and cell sizes, are determined by engineers experienced in cellular system architecture.
Provisioning for each region is planned according to an engineering plan that includes cells, clusters, frequency reuse, and handovers.

Cells

A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies depending on the landscape. Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and man-made structures, the true shape of cells is not a perfect hexagon.

Clusters

A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. Figure 4 illustrates a seven-cell cluster.

A cluster is a group of cells

Frequency Reuse

Because only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for mobile systems, engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time. The solution the industry adopted was called frequency planning or frequency reuse. Frequency reuse was implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture into the cellular concept.

The concept of frequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group of radio channels used within a small geographic area. Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from neighboring cells. The coverage area of cells is called the footprint. This footprint is limited by a boundary so that the same group of channels can be used in different cells that are far enough away from each other so that their frequencies do not interfere.

Frequency Reuse

Cells with the same number have the same set of frequencies. Here, because the number of available frequencies is 7, the frequency reuse factor is 1/7. That is, each cell is using 1/7 of available cellular channels.

Cell Splitting

Unfortunately, economic considerations made the concept of creating full systems with many small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty, system operators developed the idea of cell splitting. As a service area becomes full of users, this approach is used to split a single area into smaller ones. In this way, urban centers can be split into as many areas as necessary to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions.

Cell Splitting

Handoff

The final obstacle in the development of the cellular network involved the problem created when a mobile subscriber traveled from one cell to another during a call. As adjacent areas do not use the same radio channels, a call must either be dropped or transferred from one radio channel to another when a user crosses the line between adjacent cells. Because dropping the call is unacceptable, the process of handoff was created. Handoff occurs when the mobile telephone network automatically transfers a call from radio channel to radio channel as a mobile crosses adjacent cells.

Cell Phone Handoff

During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes weak. At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff. The system switches the call to a stronger-frequency channel in a new site without interrupting the call or alerting the user. The call continues as long as the user is talking, and the user does not notice the handoff at all.

Friday, November 14, 2014

PHOTO SWITCH CIRCUIT USING NE 555

This is a simple photo switch suitable for home and industrial purpose. The circuit switches on a relay when the light intensity falling on the sensor crosses the set limit.The circuit is based on a NE 555 and two transistors for driving the relay. The resistor R1 is adjusted such a way that under normal condition the voltage across the LDR is less than 1/3 the supply voltage. In this condition output of IC is high .This makes transistor Q1 on. Transistor Q2′s base is connected to collector of Q1. So Q2 will be off keeping the relay de energized. When light falls the voltage across LDR rises above 2/3 Vcc. This makes the output of IC go high making the relay to energized. The result we get a relay that operates according to the intensity of light falling on the LDR.

Circuit Diagram and Parts List

Important Points

Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.
To setup the circuit switch on power supply, connect a multimeter across LDR and adjust R1 so that voltage across LDR is just below 1/3 supply voltage. Ensure that relay is off in this condition. If not reduce voltage across LDR further more by adjusting R1 to make relay off.
Now cover the top of LDR using a black paper and see the relay gets activated. If not, make further adjustments with R1. Nothing to care after some trial and error you will get the correct set piont of R1 where the circuit works. This circuit is nothing great, but some simple basics. I have tested this and got good results.
If there is some chattering in the relay, that may be because off the difference between the turning on and turning off voltages. This can be avoided by connecting a resistor whose value is equal to 1/2 the resistance of LDR at illuminated condition.

Thursday, November 13, 2014

NJM2582 bassed 4 channel video amplifier electronic project circuit with explanation

njm2582 bassed 4-channel video amplifier electronic project circuit with explanation

A very simple 4 channel video amplifier electronic circuit project can be designed using NJM2582 ic suitable for video applications with SCART connector . Design of the circuit is very simple and require few external electronic parts .

Some features of the NJM2582 are : Operating Voltage ±5V, +5V, +11V ; 6input 4output , 2input 1output Video SW , Internal LPF , 6dB Amplifier , Internal 75Ω Driver Circuit , DC output for SCART (FUNCTION SW, BLANKING) .

DC motor 12V speed controller circuit with explanation

dc motor 12v speed controller circuit with explanation

A very simple encoder circuit for a dc motor can be constructed using this circuit diagram . As you can see in the circuit diagram , the system shown consists of the HA-2542, a small 12-Vdc motor, and a position encoder. During operation, the encoder causes a series of constant-width" pulses to charge CI. The integrated pulses develop a reference voltage, which is proporţional to motor speed and is applied to the inverting input of HA-2542, The noninverting input is held at a constant voltage, which represents the desired motor speed. A difference between these two inputs will send a corrected drive signal to the motor, which completes the speed control system loop.

As you can see the circuit requires few external components , but because of the encoder wheel it has a limitations of use .If you put a pulley under the encoder wheel you can command the speed of other device , by connecting the (motor and other device ) using a belt

Wednesday, November 12, 2014

FM Power Amplifier 250mW

This project is a simple 2-transistor VHF power amplifier, with about 16dB gain, and requires no tuning or alignment procedures. Wideband techniques have been used in the design and the circuit is equipped with a "lowpass" filter to ensure good output spectral purity. The project has been designed for assembly on a single-sided printed circuit board. The circuit is specifically designed to amplify the output of 7mW to 10mW WBFM transmitters (wide band) to a final level of 250mW to 300mW, after the filter.

Circuit Description
The first stage (Q1) operates in Class-A. Although Class-A is the least efficient mode, it does offer more RF gain than other clases of bias, and Q1 is a low-level stage, when compared to the higher power Q2 stage. The output of this stage is around 70mW of RF power. The stage is
untuned so that it gives a very broadband characteristic. The transistor is biased by means of R5, R6 and L6, and the residual (standing) DC current is set by R4. The input signal is coupled by C9 to the Base of the transistor. Q2 is operated in Class-AB which leads to greater efficiency, but the RF gain is only about 8dB, but it amplifies the output of Q1 to typically 250mW. Q2 is
biased by means of R3, R2 and L4. The input signal from Q1 is coupled to the Base of Q2 via C7.
The voltage regulator Q3 (78L08) is used to regulate the supply voltage to Q1 and the bias votages to both Q1 and Q2 so that the output RF power is relatively constant, even with large variations of supply voltage. Q3 also removes supply ripple as well as providing power for an
FM transmitter like Kit 3018 wireless microphone with the required DC 8v power.

The output of the amplifier is filtered with a low-pass filter to reduce the output spurious and harmonic content. The output filter consists of C3, C4, L1 and L2.

COMPONENTS
Resistors 5%, 1/4W, carbon:
10R R1 brown black black
22R R7 red red black
47R R3 yellow orange black
120R R4 brown red brown
470R R2 yellow violet brown
2K2 R5 red red red
4K7 R6 yellow violet red
2N2369 Q1
2N4427 Q2 1
Ceramic caps
33p C3
47p C4
1n C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
10n C1 C11
Ecaps:
220u/16V C2
10u/25V C10
78L08 Q3
RFC L4 L5 L6
Ferrite L3
3 turn coil L2
5 turn coil L1
2 pole terminal block
HS106 heatsink (

LM4906 Boomer Audio Power Amplifier circuit and epxlanation

The well-known LM386 is an excellent choice for many designs requiring a small audio power amplifier (1-watt) in a single chip. However, the LM386 requires quite a few external parts including some electrolytic capacitors, which unfortunately add volume and cost to the circuit. National Semiconductor recently introduced its Boomer® audio integrated circuits which were designed specifically to provide high quality audio while requiring a minimum amount of external components (in surface mount packaging only). The LM4906 is capable of delivering 1 watt of continuous average power to an 8-ohm load with less than 1% distortion (THD+N) from a +5 V power supply. The chip happily works with an external PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio) bypass capacitor of just 1 µF minimum.
In addition, no output coupling capacitors or bootstrap capacitors are required which makes the LM4906 ideally suited for cellphone and other low voltage portable applications. The LM4906 features a low-power consumption shutdown mode (the part is enabled by pulling the SD pin high). Additionally, an internal thermal shutdown protection mechanism is provided. The LM4906 also has an internal selectable gain of either 6 dB or 12 dB. A bridge amplifier design has a few distinct advantages over the single-ended configuration, as it provides differential drive to the load, thus doubling output swing for a specified supply voltage. Four times the output power is possible as compared to a single-ended amplifier under the same conditions (particularly when considering the low supply voltage of 5 to 6 volts).Circuit diagram:

Boomer Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram

When pushed for output power, the small SMD case has to be assisted in keeping a cool head. By adding copper foil, the thermal resistance of the application can be reduced from the free air value, resulting in higher PDMAX values without thermal shutdown protection circuitry being activated. Additional copper foil can be added to any of the leads connected to the LM4906. It is especially effective when connected to VDD, GND, and the output pins. A bridge configuration, such as the one used in LM4906, also creates a second advantage over single-ended amplifiers. Since the differential outputs, Vo1 and Vo2, are biased at half-supply, no net DC voltage exists across the load.

This eliminates the need for an output coupling capacitor which is required in a single supply, single-ended amplifier configuration. Large input capacitors are both expensive and space hungry for portable designs. Clearly, a certain sized capacitor is needed to couple in low frequencies without severe attenuation. But in many cases the speakers used in portable systems, whether internal or external, have little ability to reproduce signals below 100 Hz to 150 Hz. Thus, using a large input capacitor may not increase actual system performance. Also, by minimizing the capacitor size based on necessary low frequency response, turn-on pops can be minimized.

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

ICL7106 and ICL7106 based digital voltmeter circuit

ICL7106

ICL7106

ICL7106

The ICL7106 and ICL7107 are high performance, low power, 31/2 digit A/D converters including seven segment decoders , display drivers, a reference, and a clock.
The ICL7106 is designed to interface with a liquid crystal display (LCD) and includes a multiplexed backplane drive and the ICL7107 will directly drive an instrument size light emitting diode (LED) display.
Main features of ICL7106 and ICL7107 are : True Polarity at Zero for Precise Null Detection , 1pA Typical Input Current ,True Differential Input and Reference, Direct Display Drive - LCD ICL7106- LED lCL710 , Low Noise - Less Than 15μVP-P , On Chip Clock and Reference , Low Power Dissipation - Typically Less Than 10mW.
Using the ICL7106 and ICL7107 electronic schematic presented in this sheet you can make a simple and very useful digital voltmeter , using few external components .
As you can see in this schematic circuits you can make a digital voltmeter with a LED display or using a liquid crystal display .

Sunday, November 9, 2014

Build LED Light Pen Schematic

Physicians and repair engineers often use small light pens for visual examination purposes. Rugged and expensive as these pens may be, their weak point is the bulb, which is a ‘serviceable’ part. In practice, that nearly always equates to ‘expensive’ and / or ‘impossible to find’ when you need one.

LEDs have a much longer life than bulbs and the latest ultra bright white ones also offer higher energy-to-light conversion efficiency. On the down side, LEDs require a small electronic helper circuit called ‘constant-current source’ to get the most out of them.

LED Light Pen Circuit Diagram
LED-Light-Pen-Circuit-Diagram

LED-Light-Pen-Circuit-Diagram

Here, T1 and R1 switch on the LED. R2 acts as a current sensor with T2 shunting off (most of) T1’s base bias current when the voltage developed across R2 exceeds about 0.65 V. The constant current through the white LED is calculated from

R2 = 0.65 / ILED
With some skill the complete circuit can be built such that its size is equal to an AA battery. The four button cells take the place of the other AA battery that used to be inside the light pen.

Saturday, November 8, 2014

Battery Switch With Low Dropout Regulator

In the form of the LT1579 Linear Technology (www.linear-tech.com) has produced a practical battery switch with an integrated low-dropout regulator. In contrast to previous devices no diodes are required. The circuit is available in a 3.3 V version (LT1579CS8-3.3) and in a 5 V version (LT1579CS8-5), both in SO8 SMD packages. There is also an adjustable version and versions in an SO16 package which offer a greater range of control and drive signals. The main battery, whose terminal voltage must be at least 0.4 V higher than the desired output voltage, is connected to pin IN1. The backup battery is connected to pin IN2. The regulated output OUT can deliver a current of up to 300 mA. The LDO regulator part of the IC includes a pass transistor for the main input voltage IN1 and another for the backup battery on IN2.

Battery_Switch_With_LDO_Regulator_Circuit_Diagramw

The IC will switch over to the backup battery when it detects that the pass transistor for the main voltage input is in danger of no longer being able to maintain the required output voltage. The device then smoothly switches over to the backup battery. The open-drain status output BACKUP goes low to indicate when this has occurred. When neither battery is able to maintain the output voltage at the desired level the open-drain output DROPOUT goes low. The LT1579 can operate with input voltages of up to +20 V from the batteries. The regulator output OUT is short-circuit proof. The shutdown input switches off the output; if this feature is not required, the input can simply be left open.

Simple Pulse train to sinusoid converter

The circuit letsyou convert a serial pulse stream or sinusoidal input to a sinusoidal output at 1/32 the frequency. By varying the frequency of Vrn, you can achieve an output range ofl07:1-from about 100 kH2 to less than 0.01 H2. The output resembles that of a 5-bit d/a converter operating on paralleLdigital data. Counter IC1 generates binary codes that repeatedly scan the range from 00000 to 11111. The output amplifier adds the corresponding XOR gate outputs, Vvv or ground, weighted by the values of input resistors R1 through R4.

The 16 counter codes 00000 to 01111, for instance, pass unchanged to the XOR gate outputs, and cause Vom to step through the half-sinusoidal cycle for maximum amplitude to minimum amplitude. Counter output Q4 becomes high for the next 16 codes, causing the XOR gates to invert the QO through Q3 outputs. As a result, VouT steps through the remaining half cycle from minimum to maximum amplitude. The counter then rolls over and initiates the next cycle. You can change the R1 through R4 values to obtain other VouT waveforms. VDv should be at least 12 V to assure maximum-frequency operation from IC1 to IC2.

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